Programs to help individuals stop smoking have shown disappointing results since many quitters resume smoking within six months. A closer study of motives, personal styles and subjective cognitive schema that maintain smoking behavior might provide useful clues to helping individuals stop smoking permanently. Male patients in a VA Medical Center…

When the fear of failure was greater than the need for achievement, subjects chose majors with either a low or high probability of success. When need for achievement was the greater of the motives, subjects chose majors with a low or high probability of success when the self was used as the standard of judgment but chose majors with an…

The study reconceptualized the construct anticipatory goal deflection and recast it as anticipatory success. Previous theoretical and empirical work was reviewed and a recursive model developed based on 8 hypotheses involving aggregate measures of socioeconomic origin index as an exogenous variable, achievement motivation, and anticipatory…

This study assessed three factors in adult education participation by industrial employees: (1) perceived need deficiency on the job; (2) importance of need fulfillment; (3) perception of education as a means of advancement. A measure of perceived need deficiency was applied to 177 participants and 149 nonparticipants in classes at Purdue…