Describes how group leaders can improve therapeutic outcomes by understanding the importance of hope as a curative factor, and by learning specific strategies for its installation in counseling groups. (Author/KS)

Describes teacher/student feedback that is constructive and empowers the student to do more and feel good about what he or she has accomplished. Teachers' questions are answered concerning the amount of praise given, its effect on the class overall, and pitfalls. Three narratives are offered as examples of effective praise and criticism. (GR)

Provides a conceptual framework for discussing the role of alcohol in a person's life and for planning appropriate interventions when abuse is evidenced. Discusses drive reduction and the dynamic of alcohol involvement through four involvement stages. (Author/RC)

Recognizes the influence of praise on human behavior, and provides specific suggestions on how to maximize the positive effects of praise when intended as positive reinforcement. Examines contingency, specificity, and selectivity aspects of praise. Cautions teachers to avoid the controlling effects of praise and the possibility that praise may…

Presents theories of motivation classified as those dealing either with exogenous causes or with endogenous processes. The following strategies for improving work motivation are discussed: (1) personal motives; (2) incentives and rewards; (3) reinforcement; (4) goal-setting techniques; (5) personal and material resources; (6) social and group…