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Lavelli, Manuela; Carra, Cecilia; Rossi, Germano; Keller, Heidi – Developmental Psychology, 2019
Studies conducted in Western countries document the special role of mother--infant face-to-face exchanges for early emotional development including social smiling. A few cross-cultural studies have shown that the Western pattern of face-to-face communication is absent in traditional rural cultures, without identifying other processes that promote…
Descriptors: Parent Child Relationship, Infants, Mothers, Longitudinal Studies
Munroe, Ruth H.; Munroe, Robert L. – 1975
This paper reports on a followup study of the long-term effects of infant care patterns among the Logoli people of East Africa. In the original study, 12 infants, ages 7-13 months, were observed to obtain a measure of the frequency with which the infant was held by the mother and others, latency of response to the infant's crying, and the number…
Descriptors: African Culture, Behavior Patterns, Child Rearing, Cognitive Tests