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Direct linkSmith, Cynthia L.; Day, Kimberly L. – International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2018
Externalizing behaviors observed in early childhood have been found to be stable, particularly for boys, but little research has investigated the antecedents of these behaviors, especially how the antecedents may differentially relate to externalizing behaviors in boys and girls. The goal of this study was to explore predictors of externalizing…
Descriptors: Psychological Patterns, Parenting Styles, Gender Differences, Parent Child Relationship
Miller, Rachel L.; Dunsmore, Julie C.; Smith, Cynthia L. – Early Education and Development, 2015
Research Findings: We examined relations of effortful control with parent emotion socialization practices and child social behavior using a person-centered approach in children ages 18 months to 5 years. A total of 76 parents (66 mothers, 10 fathers) completed questionnaires at screening and 6-month follow-up. There were no age differences in…
Descriptors: Socialization, Parent Child Relationship, Profiles, Social Behavior
Popp, Tierney K.; Spinrad, Tracy L.; Smith, Cynthia L. – Infancy, 2008
The relations of cumulative demographic risk and children's temperament to mothers' parenting behaviors were examined when children were 18 (T1, n = 247) and 30 (T2, n = 216) months of age. Mothers, nonparental caregivers (e.g., child care providers), and observers reported on children's temperament to create a temperament composite, and mothers…
Descriptors: Mothers, Child Caregivers, Parent Child Relationship, Personality
Eggum, Natalie D.; Eisenberg, Nancy; Spinrad, Tracy L.; Reiser, Mark; Gaertner, Bridget M.; Sallquist, Julie; Smith, Cynthia L. – Infancy, 2009
The relations of childhood fearfulness (observed and adult reported) and adult-reported shyness at 18 (n = 256) and 30 (n = 230) months of age were assessed. Fear was positively related to shyness concurrently and longitudinally, but slightly more consistently at 18 months. The moderating roles of observed maternal sensitivity and children's sex…
Descriptors: Shyness, Mothers, Daughters, Affective Behavior
Spinrad, Tracy L.; Eisenberg, Nancy; Gaertner, Bridget; Popp, Tierney; Smith, Cynthia L.; Kupfer, Anne; Greving, Karissa; Liew, Jeffrey; Hofer, Claire – Developmental Psychology, 2007
The authors examined the relations of maternal supportive parenting to effortful control and internalizing problems (i.e., separation distress, inhibition to novelty), externalizing problems, and social competence when toddlers were 18 months old (n = 256) and a year later (n = 230). Mothers completed the Coping With Toddlers' Negative Emotions…
Descriptors: Toddlers, Interpersonal Competence, Child Rearing, Parent Child Relationship
Smith, Cynthia L.; Calkins, Susan D.; Keane, Susan P.; Anastopoulos, Arthur D.; Shelton, Terri L. – Developmental Psychology, 2004
This study examined the stability and continuity of early-identified behavior problems and the factors associated with this stability. Children and their mothers (N=125) were seen when the children were 2 and 4 years of age. Maternal reports of child externalizing behavior and laboratory observations of child noncompliance were stable from age 2…
Descriptors: Child Behavior, Behavior Problems, Parent Child Relationship, Mothers
