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Peer reviewedFreeman, Donald; Richards, Jack C. – TESOL Quarterly, 1993
Using Zahorik's framework, which classifies conceptions of teaching into three categories (science/research, theory/philosophy, and art/craft), this paper reviews different conceptions of second-language instruction prevalent in the English-as-a-Second-Language teaching field. The aim is to shift the focus of discussion from behavior/activity to…
Descriptors: Classification, Educational Philosophy, Educational Strategies, English (Second Language)
Richards, Jack C.; Rodgers, Ted – 1980
Three interrelated pedagogical elements--approach, design, and procedure--are basic in a discussion of language teaching. Approach defines those foundational assumptions, beliefs, and theories about the nature of language and language learning. Design specifies the relationships of theories to both the form and use of instructional materials.…
Descriptors: Applied Linguistics, Class Activities, Educational Principles, Instructional Design
Richards, Jack C.; Rodgers, Theodore S. – 1986
Each major trend in 20th-century second language teaching is explained, and similarities and differences are highlighted. An introductory chapter offers a brief history of second language teaching. The second chapter outlines a model for examining and comparing the different approaches. This model is used in subsequent chapters to describe methods…
Descriptors: Audiolingual Methods, Classroom Techniques, Communicative Competence (Languages), Comparative Analysis
