Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the transition to online learning, with synchronous e-learning becoming a critical modality in higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide. This shift, while ensuring educational continuity, has unveiled numerous challenges, especially in developing nations where resources and infrastructure…

The study investigates stress and organizational climate factors affecting mental health of women school and university teachers in pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods in the context of Central Asia considering the case of Kazakhstan. The results of quantitative empirical study show that the pandemic has caused an increase in perceived anxiety and…