In a survey of 508 undergraduates, males reported significantly lower levels of emotional intimacy in same-sex friendship than females. Masculinity, defined in terms of "instrumental" qualities, had little effect on the degree of reported intimacy, while femininity, defined in terms of "expressive" qualities, was positively…

Examines achievement behavior of women in relation to their masculinity-femininity of self-concept and the mediating effects of the situation. While feminine women did not perform more poorly when competing against lower ability males than against lower ability females, very feminine women were more ambivalent about competing successfully than…

Examination of self-descriptions of 1,623 undergraduates (collectedd in 1958-64, 1970-74, and 1977-82) failed to support the prevailing assumption that masculinity and femininity develop independently. Rather, a positive relation was found between the presence of masculine and feminine traits within the same individual even when gender and state…

Male and female college students described themselves and their ideal male and female with regard to sex-typed characteristics. Females described an androgynous model for themselves and their ideals. Males described an androgynous model for their self-portrayals but sex-typed portrayals for their ideals. (CMG)

Six different measures of sex typing were administered to 101 children aged three- to five-years-old. Results demonstrate that there is a weak correlation among measures of sex typing. Correlations were higher in magnitude and more numerous for boys than for girls, which suggests the possibility of separate patterns of sex-typed development. (BJV)

Considers the following dimensions of attributional models: (1) responsibility for causes of problems, and (2) for solutions to problems. Finds a significant association between femininity and low internal attribution of responsibility for problem solving. Discusses results in terms of sex role and gender differences in help seeking. (Author/LHW)

A study of sex-role identification partly confirmed two hypotheses: (1) the social relationships of late childhood have attributes which encourage the feminine stereotype rather than the masculine stereotype; and (2) children of both sexes who attest to masculine characteristics feel higher levels of discordance than those who attest to female…

Explores the differences in masculinity-femininity between women who enroll in higher level mathematics courses and those who do not. Contrasts personality traits, attitudes, and role behaviors of the two groups of women. Results indicate that the two groups differ on a number of variables including background and vocational interests. (Author/SA)

Presents findings of an investigation of androgynous behavior across situations and within situations, and differences in sensitivity to traditional sex role stereotypes. All types of men were equally sensitive to stereotypes. Feminine women displayed the strongest gender-schema effects, and androgynous women displayed the least effects. (KH)

With data gathered from 96 female college students, intercorrelations were examined among self-concept ratings and scales from two personality-trait measures of masculinity and femininity. When balanced for the desirability of trait items, personality-trait scores of masculinity and femininity were inversely correlated with each other. (Author/KH)

Subjects read a situation description and rated the likelihood of their taking the response designated as appropriate. Regression analyses revealed the contributions of sex and the traits of instrumentality and emotional expressiveness (as measures earlier by the Bem Sex Role Inventory) to self-reported instrumentality and emotional…

Presents findings about sex roles in 171 male and 180 female university students in Ireland who were examined by the Bem Sex Role Inventory, and discusses the validity of this test. The distribution of subjects on sex-role types showed a larger percentage of androgynous males and undifferentiated females in the Irish sample than in American…

To evaluate the effect of college experience on androgyny, 139 freshmen and 57 senior women completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), and other tests. The results did not support the hypothesis that women become more masculine in college. However, the seniors did obtain significantly lower scores than freshmen on the BSRI Femininity scale.…

High-masculinity subjects, compared to low-masculinity persons, scored significantly lower on self-report measures of depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. No differences in distress were found as a function of sex or of the femininity dimension. High-masculine subjects also rated their problem-solving ability as more effective.…

Sex-typed subjects express concerns about the gender appropriateness of a sport more often than androgynous and undifferentiated subjects. Moreover, they rate gender-based factors as more important to their decisions than do the latter two groups. (Author/BJV)