Introduction: Technological advances have introduced three-dimensional (3-D) printing as an option for creating tactile maps for people with visual impairments (that is, those who are blind or have low vision), diversifying the types of map products that are available. At the same time, it presents a challenge to map makers to implement designs…

Reported are the findings of a research project conducted to design easily reproducible, large-scale maps for use by the blind to improve their mobility and orientation. The emphasis was on maps varying in scale from general orientation maps of metropolitan areas to mobility maps of neighborhoods or individual buildings. The design, construction,…