Serious capital outlay issues that California faces with growth and change are addressed. Initial studies and policies leading up to the 1960 master plan that guided the first period of growth and expansion are covered and the impact of the master plan is examined, along with changes in society and higher education during the 1960s, 1970s, and the…

The concept of traditional planning, programming, and budgeting systems (PPBS) is defined and compared with imperative planning, a term used to refer to whatever procedures higher education officials use to integrate program planning and budgeting. The University of Wisconsin system is described as an example of emerging budgetary practice in…

Thirty-five indicators of the need for change in a higher education institution are outlined. They are divided into two large categories: those over which the institution has little or no control, and those over which it has some or total control. Within those categories are subcategories: indicators for short-range planning, and those for…