Translating social studies objectives into learnable tasks for students in the classroom involves understanding what a learning activity is, and that different types of learning activities serve different functions. An example of a learning activity sequence which includes four catagories of activities--intake, organizational, demonstrative, and…

Twenty mentally retarded children (mean age 10 years) and 40 nonretarded children (grades 2 and 5) learned pairs of pictures in a single-function order (terms of each pair were in the same position throughout) or in a double-function order (all items were re-paired). (Author)

The article presents numerical procedures for the validation and comparison of hierarchically organized curricula. Examples of specific hypotheses one should test, and calculations of five statistics for testing these hypotheses are given (consistency ratio, adequacy ratio, inverse consistency ratio, inverse adequacy ratio, and completeness…

In two H[subscript 2] [superscript 15]O PET scan experiments, we investigated the cerebral correlates of explicit and implicit knowledge in a serial reaction time (SRT) task. To do so, we used a novel application of the Process Dissociation Procedure, a behavioral paradigm that makes it possible to separately assess conscious and unconscious…

This document discusses how the organization of instruction influences the encoding and structuring of new material in the memory and the subsequent transfer of such information to novel situations. A theory of instruction for problem solving that considers relevant cognitive variables and that specifies the conditions for productive learning is…

A model for sequencing intellectual skills through the use of learning hierarchies is provided. Applications of this model to social studies education are included. (DE)

Subjects read a textual passage encompassing hierarchically related topics. A structural outline presented in advance of reading the text facilitated reproductive recall of facts. The recall of specific facts was superior to that of general facts, implying an experimental demand to be precise in learning and recalling specific factual material.…

Disagrees with Ellis's claim (1996) that learning the grammatical word class of a particular word, and learning grammatical structures more generally, involves in "large part" the automatic implicit analysis of the word's sequential position. The article maintains that some grammatical acquisition, but not "vast amounts," derives from the analysis…

Discusses the importance of screen design in computer-based instruction (CBI), and presents a framework for screen design decisions based on the ROPES (Retrieving, Orienting, Presenting, Encoding, and Sequencing) meta-model for instructional design. Psychological, instructional, and technological foundations of screen design are discussed, and…

SIX SEPARATE STUDIES, ALL CONCERNED WITH GUIDED TRIALS DURING THE LEARNING PROCESS, WERE REPORTED. SPECIFIC ASPECTS COVERED BY THE RESEARCH INCLUDE--(1) GUIDANCE AND SYMBOLIC LEARNING AND (2) GUIDANCE AND SEQUENTIAL LEARNING. VARYING NUMBERS OF COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATES WERE USED AS SUBJECTS IN THE SIX EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES. THESE INCLUDED--(1)…

The multivariate effect of task sequence, memory support, and state anxiety was investigated using a nonverbal concept acquisition task. Ninety-five Indian college students were randomly assigned to four treatment conditions resulting from the task sequences of 1) easy-to-hard and 2) hard-to-easy and from memory support versus nonmemory support.…

Results indicate that subjects first observing apparatus operation by electromechanical means performed task better than those who had not, and that there is no significant difference between performance of subjects who had observed demonstration by electromechanical device and those who had observed a human model. Applicability of findings…