The "emergence of literature in eighteenth-century France" changes our understanding of when, how and why modern ideas of literature emerged in France. Using a unique blend of literary and digital methods, it argues that it was in the mid eighteenth century, rather than the nineteenth (as many have claimed), that the word littrature first came to refer to a canon of classics, an aesthetically pleasing text, and a subject that could be studied in schools. These ideas, the book shows, were propelled by a forgotten quarrel about how to reform literary teaching in the Ancien Regime boys colleges. Stretching back to the sixteenth century and forward to the nineteenth, the book explores the pre-histories of the modern ideas of 'litterature' that were propelled by this debate, as well as their afterlives in works by La Harpe and Stael, and in teaching practices in the Imperial lyces. One of the first studies to use social network analysis to map an early modern debate, the book shows that Rousseau was not straightforwardly the central actor in eighteenth-century debates about education. And it draws on new archival research to reveal that the Ecole royale militaire (founded by Louis XV in 1751) was one of the first institutions to teach something called 'la litterature francaise'. Ultimately, by intertwining the histories of education, quarrels and intellectual networks, this book tells a new story about how France became the famously literary nation it is today. [This book was co-published by the Voltaire Foundation in association with Liverpool University Press.]