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Classroom, Media and Church: Explaining the Achievement Differences in Civic Knowledge in the Bilingual School System of Estonia
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Põder, Kaire; Lauri, Triin – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2021
This study investigates civic and citizenship education in a unique post-Communist context--in the bilingual education system of Estonia. Estonia continues to have a bilingual school system where there are Estonian and Russian language schools in parallel. While Estonian language school students are ranked very high in international comparisons,…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Citizenship Education, Civics, Bilingual Education
The Benefits of Living in Foreign Language Housing: The Effect of Language Use and Second-Language Type on Oral Proficiency Gains
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Martinsen, Rob A.; Baker, Wendy; Bown, Jennifer; Johnson, Cary – Modern Language Journal, 2011
Many colleges and universities in North America employ foreign language housing (FLH) as a means of exposing students to a second language (L2). However, little research examines the effectiveness of these houses on L2 use and gains. The purpose of this study was to examine whether L2 learners living in FLH use the L2 more and whether they make…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Native Speakers, Language Proficiency, Educational Benefits