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Hržica, Gordana; Kuvac Kraljevic, Jelena – First Language, 2022
During narration, speakers constantly choose appropriate referential forms (nominals or pronominals). Children may engage in this reference marking differently than adults. Discourse- or listener-oriented approaches make different predictions about referential behaviour in cognitively demanding situations: the first predicts a higher number of…
Descriptors: Monolingualism, Serbocroatian, Narration, Story Telling
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Patekar, Jakob – Language Testing, 2021
Writing in a foreign language is a particularly difficult skill to develop, especially when young learners are concerned because they are parallelly learning to write in their L1 and do not have strong oral foundations in their L2. The issue becomes even more complex when the ways to assess young learners' writing are considered, given that…
Descriptors: Language Tests, Test Construction, Foreign Countries, Oral Language
Enever, Janet, Ed.; Lindgren, Eva, Ed. – Multilingual Matters, 2017
This is the first collection of research studies to explore the potential for mixed methods to shed light on foreign or second language learning by young learners in instructed contexts. It brings together recent studies undertaken in Cameroon, China, Croatia, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tanzania and…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Second Language Learning, English (Second Language), French
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Cookson, Simon – Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 2009
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is currently implementing a program to improve the language proficiency of pilots and air traffic controllers worldwide. In justifying the program, ICAO has cited a number of airline accidents that were at least partly caused by language factors. Two accidents cited by ICAO are analysed in this…
Descriptors: Accidents, Linguistics, Interference (Language), Code Switching (Language)
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Mihaljevic Djigunovic, Jelena; Nikolov, Marianne; Otto, Istvan – Language Teaching Research, 2008
This comparative research aims to provide insights into how Croatian and Hungarian 8th graders' proficiency in English as a foreign language (EFL) compares to one another in relation to organizational macro factors. A total of 717 14-year-old students participated in the study in two neighboring regions and towns of Croatia and Hungary examining…
Descriptors: Class Size, Foreign Countries, Grade 8, Comparative Analysis
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Wall, Dianne; Horák, Tania – ETS Research Report Series, 2008
The aim of this report is to present the findings of the second phase in a longitudinal study of the impact of changes in the TOEFL® test on teaching and learning in test preparation classrooms. The focus of this phase was to monitor six teachers from five countries in Central and Eastern Europe as they received news about changes in the TOEFL and…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Foreign Countries
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Wall, Dianne; Horák, Tania – ETS Research Report Series, 2006
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the first phase in a longitudinal study of the impact of changes in the TOEFL® test on teaching and learning in test preparation classrooms. Observations were carried out and interviews conducted with teachers, students, and directors of studies at 10 institutions in six countries in Central…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning