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Direct linkAmpaw, Frim D.; Jaeger, Audrey J. – New Directions for Institutional Research, 2011
The rate of doctoral degree completion, compared to all other degrees, is the lowest in the academy, with only 57 percent of doctoral students completing their degree within a ten-year period. In the science, engineering, and mathematics (SEM) fields, 62 percent of the male students complete their doctoral degree in ten years, which is better than…
Descriptors: Human Capital, Women Scientists, Graduation Rate, Academic Persistence
Gash, Vanessa – Social Indicators Research, 2009
This paper examines the extent of and the mechanisms behind the penalty to motherhood in six European countries. Each country provides different levels of support for maternal employment allowing us to determine institutional effects on labour market outcome. While mothers tend to earn less than non-mothers, the penalty to motherhood is…
Descriptors: Mothers, Labor Market, Foreign Countries, Employed Women
