To help the unemployment problems of Egypt, the authors recommend the restructuring of agriculture; orientation of investment to foreign-exchange earning export industries; the phasing out of employment guarantees in the public sector combined with educational and training reforms; and contingency employment programs, concentrated on the…

Although it is often claimed that much current unemployment is "structural," the term is potentially misleading because it is poorly defined. The author identifies the following seven major elements in its make-up: changes in industrial structure, skill mismatch, geographical mismatch, demographic shifts, institutional rigidities,…

The conventional approach to analysis of employment problems in the modern sector, namely comparison of workforce supply and demand, is inapplicable in the traditional sector, where a distinction needs to be made between the concepts of workforce underutilization and its availability. The author discusses these concepts and presents their policy…