A study of the effect of lexical items within first sentences which affect reading expectations for the remainder of the passage, and of the effects of violation of reader expectation following first sentences, showed poorer performance by low achievers on the "violating" passage and a performance increase with familiar content regardless of a…

It has been suggested that adolescents in the United States do not get enough individual attention and guidance from adults. This study was conducted to investigate the relationships adolescents have with adult friends or mentors. Eighth- and ninth-grade students (N=299) completed anonymous surveys about discussing important things with other…

Students' understanding of attributional self-presentation strategies that facilitate adults' and peers' social approval in achievement situations was examined in 2 experiments involving the same 48 eighth graders. Results suggest that adolescents possess very sophisticated knowledge about attributional principles and the expectations and concerns…