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Direct linkPeguero, Anthony A.; Varela, Kay S.; Marchbanks, Miner P., III; Blake, Jamilia; Eason, John M. – Urban Education, 2021
There are racial/ethnic disparities associated with school punishment practices and academic progress. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school punishment practices and higher grade retention rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between race/ethnicity, school punishment practices, and retention…
Descriptors: Punishment, Discipline, Racial Differences, Ethnicity
Peer reviewedSanders, Mavis G. – Urban Education, 1998
Effects of school, family, and community support on academic attitudes and achievement were examined in 827 eighth-grade black students in an urban school district in the southeastern U.S. Students' church involvement and perceptions of teacher and parental support positively influence academic self-concepts and school behaviors. (MMU)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Adolescents, Black Family, Black Students
Peer reviewedPeng, Samuel S.; And Others – Urban Education, 1992
Develops a definition of inner-city children based on community location and poverty level, and applies this definition to eighth grade data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Inner-city students differ from others in racial and ethnic backgrounds, family incomes, parents' education and employment, and family composition. (SLD)
Descriptors: Definitions, Demography, Ethnic Distribution, Ethnic Groups
