Characteristics of successful adult vocational English as a second language (ESL) programs are described, and psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, and pedagogical insights are presented. Characteristics of a successful program are as follows: (1) they are learner-centered; (2) there is recognition that English can and should be learned for specific functions and domains; (3) behavioral objectives are specified that are job related and appropriate materials are used; (4) the vocational ESL program is embedded in a good vocational program; (5) the program is functional in nature; (6) there is recognition of the value of vocabulary in the job context; (7) the program builds on skills the adult already has; and (8) there is recognition of cross-cultural differences, especially those relating to education and language learning. Future research needs include: data-gathering of the actual language used in occupational situations, determination of what really matters among the various language skills, evaluation of existing materials and programs in vocational ESL and adult ESL in general, and more assessment of learner needs. (SW)