The subbaccalaureate labor market is almost entirely local. Employers emphasize motivation, common sense, and job-specific, interpersonal, and basic skills. Cooperative education enables students to acquire specific experience and practical skills. (SK)

The education-work movement is seen as very similar to traditional vocationalism and a force for social and economic stratification, rather than equity. If the relationship between education and work is to take a new direction that is progressive rather than repressive, education must abandon the principles of vocational education. (AF)

Different manifestations of vocationalism (schooling directed toward specific occupations) have generated strikingly similar educational practices and ideologies in educational systems of both developing and developed nations. Discusses vocational differentiation of secondary and postsecondary education in various countries, sources of opposition…