A general framework of latent trait item response models for continuous responses is given. In contrast to classical test theory (CTT) models, which traditionally distinguish between true scores and error scores, the responses are clearly linked to latent traits. It is shown that CTT models can be derived as special cases, but the model class is…

Assessment is a topic of concern to all stakeholders in our educational system. Pattern Based Questions are an assessment tool which is an alternative to the standardized assessment tool, and they are based on generative learning pedagogy, which shows promise in engaging all learners and usefulness in teaching and learning but validity has not yet…

Profile analysis is one of the main tools for studying whether differential item functioning can be related to specific features of test items. While relevant, profile analysis in its current form has two restrictions that limit its usefulness in practice: It assumes that all test items have equal discrimination parameters, and it does not test…

This research aims to compare the ability and item parameter estimations of Item Response Theory according to Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches in different Monte Carlo simulation conditions. For this purpose, depending on the changes in the priori distribution type, sample size, test length, and logistics model, the ability and item…

In line with the journal volume's theme, this essay considers lessons from the past and visions for the future of test validity. In the first part of the essay, a description of historical trends in test validity since the early 1900s leads to the natural question of whether the discipline has progressed in its definition and description of test…

This study utilizes an analysis of diminishing returns to examine the relationship between sample size and item parameter estimation precision when utilizing the Masters' Partial Credit Model for polytomous items. Item data from the standardization of the Batelle Developmental Inventory, 3rd Edition were used. Each item was scored with a…

Although originally conceived of as a marriage of direct behavioral observation and indirect behavior rating scales, recent research has indicated that Direct Behavior Ratings (DBRs) are affected by rater idiosyncrasies (rater effects) similar to other indirect forms of behavioral assessment. Most of this research has been conducted using…

Rater-mediated activities in educational research occur when an expert judge or rater utilizes an instrument to judge persons or items and generates scale scores. Scale scores are from a subjective judgment and must undergo a quality control measure called rating quality. Rating quality in this study is broadly defined as the extent to which…

When students receive the same score on a test, does that mean they know the same amount about the topic? The answer to this question is more complex than it may first appear. This paper compares classical and modern test theories in terms of how they estimate student ability. Crucial distinctions between the aims of Rasch Measurement and IRT are…

Conducting a fair test is important for educational research. Unfair assessments can lead to gender disparities in academic achievement, ultimately resulting in disparities in opportunities, wages, and career choice. Differential Item Function [DIF] analysis is presented to provide evidence of whether the test is truly fair, where it does not harm…

A process is proposed to create the one-dimensional expected item characteristic curve (ICC) and test characteristic curve (TCC) for each trait in multidimensional forced-choice questionnaires based on the Rank-2PL (two-parameter logistic) item response theory models for forced-choice items with two or three statements. Some examples of ICC and…

Writing assessments often consist of students responding to multiple prompts, which are judged by more than one rater. To establish the reliability of these assessments, there exist different methods to disentangle variation due to prompts and raters, including classical test theory, Many Facet Rasch Measurement (MFRM), and Generalizability Theory…

To ensure the validity of the tests is to check that all items have similar results across different groups of individuals. However, differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when the results of individuals with equal ability levels from different groups differ from each other on the same test item. Based on Item Response Theory and Classic Test…

Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA) is a nonparametric approach that offers exploratory tools for understanding the nature of item responses while emphasizing invariance requirements. MSA is often discussed as it relates to Rasch measurement theory, which also emphasizes invariance, but uses parametric models. Researchers who have compared and combined…

The objective of this study was to develop and validate an instrument measuring the perception and interpretation of several distinct musical features (pitch, tonality, timing, loudness, and timbre). Therefore, we developed the Implicit Tonal Ability Test (ITAT), a listening test containing 49 multiple-choice items. A total of 233 children aged 6…