Electrochromism encompasses reversible changes of material's optical properties (color, opacity) under the influence of an external electric current or applied voltage. The effect has been known for decades, but its importance continues to grow due to the rapid development of smart systems and the accompanying demand to build devices that consume…

The ratio of electronic charge to Boltzmann's constant can be easily determined by measuring the short-circuit collector current versus the emitter-base voltage characteristic of a silicon transistor connected in the common-base mode. (Author/DF)

Utilization of simple experiments to illustrate a few aspects of physics in which sampling plays a crucial role. (DF)

Describes a laboratory experiment in which the experimental data agree well with the empirical law. Demonstrates that transparent materials reflect light. (CP)

Describes experiments for determining the dielectric constants of liquids and measuring capacitor dissipation. (SL)

Describes an advanced undergraduate laboratory experiment for studying thermionic emission. The cathode of a type 922 photodiode is used as an emitter over a temperature range from room temperature to 80 degrees centigrade; the thermionic emission current varies by a factor of 3000 over this temperature range. (MLH)