The UK cost-of-living increases from 2022 to 2023, referred to as the cost-of-living crisis, has had a sudden and unprecedented impact on students' ability to cope financially, leading many higher education students to take on work or increase their working or caring hours to make ends meet. Any increase in working commitments may impact on their…

The authors examined the sustainability of income, as it relates to educational attainment, from the two recent decades, which includes three significant economic downturns. The data was analyzed to determine trends in the wealth gap, parsed by educational attainment and gender. Utilizing the data from 1991 through 2010, predictions in changes in…

Space, in a geographic sense, entails costs when there is too much of it in relation to population and income. In the West, by comparison with more populous areas to the east, the level of personal income per square mile and per capita is low; costs per unit of, and per capita for, transportation, health and medical care, and education are high;…