This article analyzes off-farm work among subsistence-level farmers in the Santarem region of the Brazilian Amazon. We build on the literature on rural livelihoods in the Global South by exploring how the opportunity to work off the farm is embedded in social relationships. We additionally differentiate our analysis by type of off-farm work, and…

Examines the gap in earnings between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan men and women in both 1977 and 1987. Shows that returns outweigh endowments in explaining that gap for both men and women, although their importance decreases over the 10-year period. Uses the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey and the 1988 Current Population Survey. (KS)

Examines relationship between employment earnings and farm wives' decisions to work off-farm. Examines effects of wives' human capital, home factors, and labor market on work decisions and earnings. Education, experience, debt, and farm size were stronger influences on wives' decisions than on their earnings variations, once employed. (TES)

A sample of married Pennsylvania women with rural backgrounds and a national probability sample of women with urban backgrounds are compared in order to examine the effects of rural residence on the socioeconomic attainment process. Findings indicate rural backgrounds are associated with deficits in human capital resources and socioeconomic…