The current debate swirling around the inclusion of transgender individuals in sports is a complex and nuanced issue. This article reflects on how athletic organizations have historically dealt with this dilemma, as well as covers key legal battles that have surfaced in recent years in secondary schools and universities across America. With the…

Title IX's legislation has been in place since 1972 and has affected female participation in a positive form towards gender equity. However many institution sill have difficulty complying with the standards mandated by Title IX. Gender equity is established by meeting substantial proportionality, continued expansion, or full accommodations prongs…

In 1970, prior to the 1972 enactment of Title IX, there were only 2.5 women's teams per school and a total of only about 16,000 female intercollegiate athletes. In 1977/1978, the academic year preceding the mandatory compliance date for Title IX, the number of varsity sports for women had grown to 5.61 per school. A decade later, in 1988, the…

In 1970, prior to the 1972 enactment of Title IX, there were only 2.5 women's teams per school and a total of only about 16,000 female intercollegiate athletes. In 1977/1978, the academic year preceding the mandatory compliance date for Title IX, the number of varsity sports for women had grown to 5.61 per school. A decade later, in 1988, the…

In 1970, prior to the 1972 enactment of Title IX, there were only 2.5 women's teams per school and a total of only about 16,000 female intercollegiate athletes. In 1977/1978, the academic year preceding the mandatory compliance date for Title IX, the number of varsity sports for women had grown to 5.61 per school. A decade later, in 1988, the…

To determine the causes of women's diminishing athletic role, questionnaires were mailed to athletic administrators at colleges and universities across the nation. The responses raised the question of whether strategies to intervene in the decline should solve problems as men perceive them or as women perceive them. (MT)

Since the 1970s, the roles of women as both students and athletes have changed in higher education, with female enrollment surpassing male enrollment, and female athletic participation showing gains as well. These changes have generated public interest in whether women participate in athletics at comparable levels to men and whether men's…

In 1928, Mary Washburn Conklin was one of 19 young women representing the United States in the year women's track and field became an Olympic sport. Her career in competition is reviewed. (MT)

This longitudinal study revealed that the last 15 years have seen a significant downward change in the percent of female coaches and administrators in college athletics. The need for sex role models and methods which may make a difference in women's representation are discussed. (MT)

A gold-medal winner in the 1960 Olympics 100-meter relay describes what the experience meant to her. (MT)

During the 2001-02 academic year, Idaho State University engaged a nationwide study to investigate the prevalence of dance and cheerleading programs among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) D-I schools. The goal of the study was to build a case for Office for Civil Rights (OCR) and NCAA sport recognition and designation. The study…

This report provides summary information concerning revenues and expenses of NCAA Divisions 1 and 2 intercollegiate athletics programs for the 1996-1997 fiscal year. The report compares revenue and expense trends of athletics programs within each of the NCAA divisions and revenues and expenses between men's and women's athletic programs. The…

This report provides summary information concerning revenues and expenses of NCAA Division 3 intercollegiate athletics programs for the 1996-1997 fiscal year. The report compares revenue and expense trends of athletics programs within each of the NCAA divisions and revenues and expenses between men's and women's athletic programs. The…

A "Chronicle" survey finds significant progress for female athletes at the college level and budget constraints looming for all sports programs. The article includes several data tables on sports participation by women, scholarships, and athletic budgets. (EV)

Title IX regulations being considered for revision by HEW could represent a major breakthrough for women in education, including women in athletics. (Author)