This study examined the perceptions of violence held by preservice teachers, practicing teachers, and students at the middle school and high school levels. A total of 340 participants from five schools and a teacher training university completed a survey. Researchers divided the groups of participants into two main groups labeled school (middle…

Little attention has been given to institutional violence exercised by schools as a major stressor leading to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and high dropout rates among Latino students. Institutional violence is defined as the norms, values, and structures of institutions that exclude and discriminate against individuals of disadvantaged…