The effects of feedback are largely determined by the students' perception of his original response. Feedback is most advantageous when it follows a response in which the student has high confidence. Findings are based on a study of college students working with a programmed text. (MV)

The role of feedback, opportunity for text review, and confidence in subjects' responses was examined using a 25-frame program on heart disease. Undergraduates participated in a pre- post-test design; all subjects received an immediate post-test. Results replicated and extended a model relating feedback, confidence, and post-test response.…

Effects of immediate and delayed feedback on learning were studied in 2 experiments involving 120 undergraduate students. Subjects answered 90 general information multiple-choice items on 2 different occasions 1 week apart. Subjects rated their confidence in their responses. Results provide support for the Kulhavy and Stock model and the…

Students' confidence calibrations on quizzes taken individually and again in structured learning groups were examined. Under conditions of weekly feedback on accuracy and confidence, students working as individuals and in groups were hypothesized to improve not only their accuracy, but also their calibration of confidence. Findings were based on…

This study examined the relationship between discrimination error (determined by content analysis and tryout data) and confidence of response (determined by self report). Subjects were 63 undergraduate students enrolled in a biology class for nonmajors who received classroom expository information and read a text on the topic before they completed…

This study examined the effects of different types of computer-assisted feedback strategies (knowledge of correct response, knowledge of response, and elaborative) and different types of information (facts, concepts, and principles) on student achievement and response confidence. Findings indicated a positive correlation between achievement and…

This study examined the effects of feedback, the correctness of response, and response confidence within the context of computer-assisted instruction (CAI). The subjects were 120 students enrolled in the four computer literacy classes at the University of Texas. The instructional material on the human eye involved 30 program frames with three…

Undergraduate students took a multiple choice, computer assisted test and received feedback (items with the correct answers identified) either: (1) immediately, item-by-item; (2) following the entire test; (3) 24 hours later; or (4) no feedback. Retention one to three weeks later was significantly better for delayed feedback, and confidence…

This experiment was designed to test the effect of immediate and delayed feedback on retention of learning in an educational situation. Four groups of college undergraduates took a multiple-choice computer-managed test. Three of these groups received informative feedback (the entire item with the correct answer identified) either: (1) immediately…

The model of feedback processing proposed by R. W. Kulhavy and W. A. Stock (1989) was studied in a traditional classroom setting in which methods of assessing students' response confidence as predictors of postfeedback performance were also examined. The relationship between confidence ratings at the time of the test and confidence assessed prior…