Examined manifest needs of achievement, dominance, autonomy, and affiliation of counselors. Results indicated similarities in male and female counselors regarding achievement, dominance, and autonomy and that there was a consistent trend for the male counselors to have higher needs for affiliation than female counselors on the job. (Author/PAS)

The mattering scales are designed to assess the perceptions of adult learners about their educational environment. They answer these questions: Do I feel I matter to the institution? and Do I feel noticed, appreciated, welcomed? To determine the extent to which adult learners feel they matter, five scales are designed to assess their perceptions…