Traces the evolution of physics research methods in Finland from passive observations to planned experiments. Presents examples of planned experiments designed to solve particular problems with the goal of establishing a theory of the phenomenon under study. Contains 16 references. (JRH)

Suggests that modern science adopts materialist strategies toward relationships between empirical data and theory because of an elective affinity between such strategies and a certain outlook on the control of nature. Claims that, when the roles of social values and cognitive values are kept distinct, sound theory acceptance can still be…

Criticizes Hugh Lacey's use of the term "materialist" when describing materialist strategies used during structuralist explanation in scientific practice. Examines the grounds for supposing an affinity between these strategies and the growing subordination of human values to the attractions of technological transformations of nature.…

Suggests that Hugh Lacey's example of a clear-cut distinction between material and social constraints or possibilities in the Green Revolution is misleading. Proposes a material analysis of the control situation placed within the material framework of the social structure within which the control system is employed. (Author/WRM)

Lends further depth to arguments put forth by Hugh Lacey. Addresses the allegation made by the indigenous science movement that violence is evident in the control of nature because science is inherently violent--a charge which, if not refuted, undermines the claim that science is neutral. Considers the shortcomings of a school science curriculum…

Responds to criticisms of the previous article, "Scientific Understanding and the Control of Nature." Clarifies themes in the first article and reaffirms the significance of distinguishing between cognitive and social values to gain a better grasp of scientific understanding. (Author/WRM)

Discusses recent science studies that focus on experimentation and the implications of these studies for the philosophy of science. Argues that the results of scientific experiments are practical productions that embody practical solutions to some of the key problems that have worried science philosophers. (Author/WRM)

Criticizes Hugh Lacey's separation of cognitive values and social values in discussions of the nature of science. Claims that attempting to distinguish between cognitive and social ignores crucial complexities in the development and use of knowledge. Proposes that the proper distinction be between legitimate and illegitimate reasons in science as…

Claims that, in contrast to Hugh Lacey's arguments, current research in nonindustrialized nations demonstrates how a materialistic strategy of scientific understanding may be sensitive to cultural context. Concludes that differentiating ethical and scientific values is essential lest we conflate descriptive and normative processes. (Author/WRM)

Suggests that Hugh Lacey's vision of the schooling of science through the development of critical self-consciousness has been articulated by others at different times and probably from different ideological perspectives. Claims that knowledge of these other opinions will help Lacey in his search for education in science which promotes citizens'…

Argues that epistemic and cultural values guide scientific progress and that the social structure of science is strengthened by a diversity of values. Claims that science exports values to the larger culture. Reasons that science teachers who understand the multifaceted relationship between science and values can more effectively guide students in…