Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, for a full academic year, Zoom rooms became classrooms for synchronous online learning at schools and universities across the world. This shift in learning space required instructors to adopt new patterns of instructional communication. Grounded in research in instructional proxemics and learning spaces, this study…

With the increase in demand for online learning, machine teachers are becoming an important technology in higher education, since they are expected to improve teaching effectiveness and student learning outcomes. However, machine teachers require an aptitude for technology and are associated with high initial costs. Thus, here, we use a more basal…