This chapter presents the history, philosophy, and methodology of instructional development and instructional technology in the Soviet Union. It begins by analyzing the structure of the educational bureaucracy in the USSR and explaining the pathways through this structure through which educational decisions are made, and through which…

This publication presents speeches, papers and discussion from a seminar on higher education in Europe, particularly in the Nordic counties of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, as well as Eastern European countries. Following an introduction the opening speech by Alexander Sannikov, the UNESCO Secretariat, is reproduced. Part I contains papers…