Study objective: To identify the causes and consequences of the growing stratification of universities in terms of the volumes and sources of funding that they have access to as well as in the programs of study that they offer. Methods: We used statistical and economic analysis to study the outcomes of university activity. We assessed the…

The political decision to convert to the system of multilevel professional training in the higher educational institutions of Russia has already been made and formalized in law. The system, a combination of the "bachelor's and master's" pattern and the "specialist" pattern is being adopted starting in 2009. However, in spite of…

Despite its planned, centrally directed economy, Russia has not been able to tailor its university system to its manpower needs. Peculiarities in the Russian system, including the method for planning enrollments, stiff competition for university acceptance, and application regulations, are discussed. (JMD)

In response to demand, an institute for specialized French language instruction in Moscow has increased its offerings of business French. The demand appears to come from four groups: economists; technical professionals; language specialists; and government officials. This interest has caused a rethinking of instructional approach and methods. (MSE)