Finds that the two-factor solution of the Argumentativeness Scale and the Verbal Aggressiveness Scale was a reasonable overall fit to samples of both U.S. and Japanese college students; orthogonality of the two constructs (argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness) held for both samples; and the two scales had satisfactory construct validity for…

With the advent of the communicative approach, the role of speaking ability has become more central in language teaching. Consequently, performance testing, especially testing speaking ability, has become one of the most important issues in language testing. There are many limitations in this area because of the nature of speaking ability and the…