Over 70 years after India's independence, less than 5 per cent of students enrolled in higher education are tribals, and more than 65 per cent of tribal students drop out over the course of schooling up to Class 10 (MHRD, 2016). Is the burden of this failure--the failure to retain children from the most marginalised communities within the fold of…

Supports government policy of encouraging examination reform in universities in India through the setting up of Question Banks which would contain tested examination questions and statistical information on their validity and reliability. Suggests guidelines for development and use of the question banks by organizations and universities. (JT)

Recent changes in the objectives and techniques of testing India's university students are examined, including trends toward continuous rather than biennial or annual evaluation; internal (institutional) rather than external, standardized examinations; replacement of essay exams with more objective methods; and a letter grading system. (MSE)

Attempts, most unsuccessful, to reform India's university examination system are chronicled, including curriculum reform, increased frequency of public examinations, introduction of internal assessment, development of item banks, changeover to a grading system, shift to semesters, improved administration, and creation of autonomous colleges. The…