For centuries, women have faced significant challenges in advancing to leadership positions in higher education and the corporate world. They have suffered from gender inequality, resulting in limited opportunities, unequal pay, and unequal status. Consequently, many organizations are taking active steps to encourage the development of female…

Higher education marketization has often been explained either by state weakness or by the articulation capacity of business actors. However, these perspectives overlook the role of other actors in the negotiation processes determining the results of these reforms. Like other countries of the Global South, Peru experienced a radical marketization…

Calls for instructional innovation in higher education assert that the current system suffers from one or more of the following problems: access constraints that stymie social and economic mobility, spending norms that over time inflate cost relative to value, and student outcomes that fail to adequately encourage citizenship and enhance…

Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA; P.L. 89-329), as amended, authorizes programs that provide financial assistance to students to pursue postsecondary education at eligible institutions of higher education (IHEs). In academic year (AY) 2020-2021 (July 1, 2020-June 30, 2021), 6,063 domestic institutions had written agreements with the…

A for-profit college may convert to nonprofit status for a variety of reasons, such as wanting to align its status and mission. However, in some cases, former owners or other insiders could improperly benefit from the conversion, which is impermissible under the Internal Revenue Code and Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. This…

The emergence of remote and for-profit universities has provided increased opportunities for adult learners to obtain higher education degrees in a technologically-dependent teaching-learning environment. During the pandemic, for-profit online learning institutions experienced increases in enrollment while face-to-face institutions experienced a…

Despite their uniquely innovative and long-standing history within the United States higher education landscape, for-profit higher education institutions (FPHEIs) remain controversial academic entities. Criticism of the for-profit sector maintains that these institutions are not preparing students for successful entry into the workforce. In light…

For decades, the federal government has expected vocationally focused programs in higher education, especially among for-profit colleges, to lead to gainful employment in a profession. In the mid-2010s, the U.S. Department of Education developed gainful employment (GE) regulations that sought to tie a program's federal financial aid eligibility to…

Though Latinos are enrolling in postsecondary programs in record numbers, they still complete college at rates lower than their White counterparts. Not only are Latinos facing a widening college completion gap, but also a global pandemic that has led Latino college-goers to reconsider returning to school.

In 2010, the Obama Administration proposed new regulations designed to hold institutions of higher education (IHEs) accountable for student outcomes. I examine the effects of the regulatory uncertainty surrounding these "Gainful Employment" (GE) regulations on enrollment at for-profit IHEs. I utilize informational debt rates of GE…

The "Statistics report on TEQSA registered higher education providers 2018" (the Statistics Report) is the fifth release of selected higher education sector data held by the Australian Government Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA) for its quality assurance activities. It provides a snapshot and time series of…

This chapter explores the lack of data about student veterans and reasons this lack of data raises particular concerns about for-profit institutions, which enroll a large percentage of student veterans.

How do the benefits of higher education compare with its costs, and how does this comparison vary across individuals and institutions? These questions are fundamental to quantifying the productivity of the education sector. The studies in "Productivity in Higher Education" use rich and novel administrative data, modern econometric…

This report is the third in a series examining the troubled history of for-profit higher education, from the problems that plagued the post-World War II GI Bill to the reform efforts undertaken by the George H. W. Bush administration. Republicans, who controlled the White House and the Senate in 1986, were caught somewhat off guard by the problems…

The primary purpose of this quantitative non-experimental comparative study was to examine whether differences exist in the employee engagement of higher education employees based upon the perceived quality of employees' leader-member exchange (LMX) interactions with their supervisors. The secondary purpose of this study was to identify if…