Research needs for pharmacy administration and clinical pharmacy include study of the relationship of pharmacists and society, management methods for providing health care services, pharmacist training and socialization, competence evaluation, formative and summative research on drug use control, and organizational decision making. (MSE)

A lecture given in courses in applied pharmacokinetics at Wayne State University, Michigan, is presented. The definition of bioavailability is reviewed along with methods of calculation, bioequivalence, criteria for establishing bioequivalence of a new product, essentials of a bioequivalence study, and the relationship between bioequivalence and…

The pharmacist as a provider of "pharmaceutical care" is examined both as a notion and as a new example for training practitioners. It is concluded that the example will require more from the pharmacist of the future and a reordering of perceptions about the nature of the pharmacy profession. (MSE)

A study of ethical problems from pharmacists' (n=869) perspective in various practice settings found family and work experience were most influential on personal ethics, most had experienced a problem within the last year, and different ethical problems were cited as most commonly occurring and most difficult to resolve. (Author/MSE)

A survey of 215 recent graduates of Purdue University School of Pharmacy investigated unmet needs for 9 marketing skill areas: measuring and forecasting demand; personal selling; public relations; purchasing and inventory control; strategic planning; managed care organizations; physician dispensing; physician prescribing and health care financers;…

Although pharmaceutical education embraces the concept of a patient-centered curriculum, it does not instill a patient-centered ethos and sends students out to practice in primarily product-centered settings. Professional dissonance and frustration result. One part of the solution may be in increasing the emphasis on liberal education and…

Research in ambulatory pharmacy is needed because of changes in its organizational financing and patient population. With health care payers seeking to move patients out of hospitals and into less costly care environments, pharmacy must help discover how to care for this growing patient population effectively and efficiently. (MSE)

Effectiveness of clinical pharmacy services is discussed through an analysis of the literature, an analysis of the funding of grant applications by the National Center for Health Services Research, and a review of the research component of doctoral programs in pharmacy. (MSE)

A survey of 70 Nebraska pharmacists examined the nature and frequency of ethical problems with patient confidentiality, especially specific contextual features of practice and community life that made maintenance of confidentiality difficult. Differences between rural and urban pharmacists were noted. Implications for pharmaceutical education are…

Pharmaceutical educators are exhorted to bring both science and culture into the profession and to take an active role in the intellectual activity of the university. Improvement of clinical practice, patient-pharmacist relationship, service delivery, and community involvement are seen as contributing to the influence of the profession. (MSE)

Pharmaceutical educators must begin to challenge the entrenched forms of pharmaceutical education and explore alternative teaching methods, including problem-based learning. (MSE)

Factors influencing recent change in the field of dentistry are examined, including changing patterns of disease, changes in the nature of the practice, demographic shifts, technological and scientific advancement, and patterns of manpower supply. Lessons to be learned by pharmacy are considered. (MSE)

The impact of changing health care systems on the content of pharmaceutical education is examined, including the relationship between basic and applied sciences and between the applied sciences and skill and attitude formation, in both academic and clinical education. The role of pharmacy administration in the curriculum is discussed. (MSE)

Key shortcomings in current mainstream strategies of pharmaceutical education include (1) poor integration of basic sciences and clinical curriculum components; (2) curricular information overload and resulting problems; and (3) emphasis on research over teaching and service. Students need to learn teamwork, accountability, positive practice…

Current challenges to the nursing profession are examined, including changing health needs, health care providers and the cost and quality of their services, the recruitment, retention, and regulation of nurses, and competition. Implications for nursing and parallels with pharmacy are discussed. (MSE)