Building active and informed citizens is a major part of civics and citizenship education in order to enhance and sustain democracies. Civic learning and civic action opportunities within school contexts are commonly claimed to promote an active and informed citizenry. In the present research, we examine the meaning of formal civics education and…

With Circular H.S.1 1972/73, the Ministry of Education directed Ontario's secondary schools to provide an increased range of course offerings and to allow students as much freedom as possible to choose their own courses. To identify the effects of the individualized "credit system" established by this controversial circular, a number of…

The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze desired student involvement in five areas of decision making on the high school level; and (2) to determine whether there is a significant relationship between students' perception of participation in specific areas of decision making and designated variables pertaining to socio-psychological…