Dual credit courses are legislated course enrollment options available to ninth- to twelfth-grade students in the State of Texas. The dual credit program provides the opportunity for all high school students, regardless of grade level, to earn college credits while working toward a high school diploma (Houston ISD, 2018). There is no limit to the…

The Advanced Placement Program® (AP®) offers high school students the opportunity to take rigorous coursework in high school and receive college credit for AP Exam scores that meet or exceed the requirements of their attending institution. Students receiving AP credit are typically exempted from an introductory-level course or series of courses…

Survey data from 8,594 students in 55 randomly chosen colleges and universities finds that those having passed an AP science exam earn somewhat higher college science grades, but not enough to assume prior mastery. Moreover, half of this performance difference appears to be related to demographics and high school coursework and not to students' AP…