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Direct linkSwanson, Elise; H. Erickson, Heidi; Ritter, Gary W. – Educational Policy, 2021
We estimate the relationship between exclusionary discipline given in eighth-grade and the probability of ninth-grade retention. We use a rich 7-year, student-level, panel data set from Arkansas. We use a novel approach by limiting our sample to students who switch schools between eighth and ninth grades. This movement gives each student a fresh…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, Grade 9, Discipline Policy, Grade Repetition
Jessen, Sarah Butler – Educational Policy, 2013
This article begins to unpack the complex effects of the policies of both the small schools and choice on students with special needs. Drawing on qualitative data collected throughout the 2008-2009 academic year and a range of quantitative data from New York City's public high schools, the author shows that while small schools and choice are…
Descriptors: School Choice, Special Education, Urban Schools, Public Schools
