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Making Mass Schooling Affordable: In-Kind Taxation and the Establishment of an Elementary School System in Sweden, 1840-1870
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Westberg, Johannes – Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, 2016
This article discusses the significance of in-kind taxation and payments in kind for the establishment of an elementary school system in Sweden, in the 1840-1870 period. By analysing the funding of teachers' wages, the heating of the school facilities, and school building construction in the 12 rural school districts of the Sundsvall region, this…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Elementary Schools, Educational Finance, Taxes
Multiplying the Origins of Mass Schooling: An Analysis of the Preconditions Common to Schooling and the School Building Process in Sweden, 1840-1900
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Westberg, Johannes – History of Education, 2015
The emergence of mass schooling is undoubtedly one of the most significant transformations that took place during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article takes a new approach to this fundamental issue by analysing the historical conditions required for the construction of school buildings and the advent of mass schooling, in the…
Descriptors: Mass Instruction, Foreign Countries, Educational Change, Social Change