Factors associated with arithmetic-and-reading disability and specific arithmetic disability were investigated in over 850 representative New Zealand children. Reverse patterns of strengths and weaknesses with regard to verbal and nonverbal skills for these two types of arithmetic disability were found for boys but not for girls. (Author/DB)

Variables associated with the school leaving process are examined, particularly as it operates similarly or differentially for male and female adolescents. Using a stepwise solution method of discriminant analysis, two significant functions were identified: the first suggesting a sex dimension, the second a stayer-leaver dimension. (Author/PN)

Predictions from the internal/external frame of reference model of H. W. Marsh (1986) and gender differences in the structure of academic self-concept were examined through path analyses of data from 231 Norwegian sixth graders (117 males and 114 females). Implications for the study of academic self-concept are discussed. (SLD)

This study tests the hypothesis of a gender difference in academic achievement as a function of measurement method. The biasing influence of measurement method on achievement has been recognized. Campbell and Fiske (1959) suggested that a considerable proportion of the variation in test scores may be due to features of the form of test (method)…

A cross-cultural quantitative review of contemporary findings of gender differences in variability in verbal, mathematics, and spatial abilities finds that the well-established U.S. finding of considerably greater male variability in mathematical and spatial abilities is not invariant across countries and cultures. (SLD)

Variation in syntactic difficulty in arithmetic problems is studied to determine its influence on students' ability to solve problems correctly. Findings in a study of elementary school students indicated syntactic difficulty affects problem solving ability, regardless of sex (f=fiche number). (MH)

Among 800 Swedish 13-year olds of high mathematical or verbal ability, boys with high verbal ability were found to have highly educated parents. Girls of high mathematical ability had high father presence and highly educated mothers. Educational choices in secondary school were more affected by gender than by ability. (SLD)

Sex differences in performance on the Australian Scholastic Aptitude Test (ASAT) were investigated. No significant direct effect of sex on performance was found. Sex differences were found to be the result of females having a higher verbal ability, males studying more mathematics, and males having greater confidence in ASAT success. (LMO)

Changes in intelligence among Swedish 13-year-olds during a 20-year period was studied. Results show: (1) the average of spatial and reasoning intelligence has risen; (2) verbal intelligence increased during the 1960s, but declined thereafter; and (3) by the 1980s girls surpassed in verbal ability and equalled in spatial ability. (Author/LMO)

Describes study conducted in England, Scotland, and Wales based on a national sample of 11-year-olds that investigated the relationship between large verbal and non-verbal differences in ability and underachievement in mathematics and reading. Sex differences are also examined and further research needs are suggested. (14 references) (LRW)

An experiment investigated the effectiveness of teaching grammar by deductive versus inductive methods in an intensive course in English as a second language. Additional student variables considered were general intelligence, verbal ability, cognitive ability, and sex. The subjects were 259 students in the Faculty of Education at Egypt's Tanta…

Changes in verbal, spatial, and reasoning intelligence among Swedish 13-year olds were studied from 1960 to 1990. Rising verbal scores until 1980 have been followed by a decline to essentially the 1960 level. Spatial and reasoning results have risen continuously. Gender and social class differences are discussed. (SLD)

Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to test first- and second-order factor models on cognitive abilities and their invariance across male and female samples. Subjects were a stratified random sample of 234 male and 225 female 15-year-old students in Singapore attending Secondary 3 (the equivalent of grade 9). Four first-order factors were found…

As part of a continuing evaluation of the Swedish school system, changes in intelligence test scores from 1960 to 1995 were studied in relation to cohort, gender, and socioeconomic background. Changes in verbal, spatial, and reasoning ability were studied by comparing results on identical tests given to representative samples of Swedish…

This study investigated possible changes in verbal, spatial, and reasoning intelligence in Swedish 13-year-olds over a 20-year period. The first sample included about 12,000 students born in 1948. Data consisted of (1) information from school records, (2) information on personal background, (3) scores on three intelligence tests and three…