More and more students attend private supplementary tutoring to improve their academic achievement. Private tutoring might be understood as a reaction to insufficient instructional quality in school, especially regarding individual support. However, it might also be possible that parents generally see insufficient grades as an indicator of lacking…

This study provides a quantitative and qualitative status report on the implementation of school-based management (SBM) in Indonesia, identifies factors associated with the successful practices of SBM, and assesses SBM effects on student achievement eight years after its inception. The authors' findings are based on face-to-face surveys of…

Since the early 1990s, privately-run migrant schools have been established to provide affordable education for children of migrant workers who encountered difficulties in receiving compulsory education in urban areas due to China's household registration system. Recent policies promulgated by China's government have gradually eliminated the…