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Tomasz Zajac; Iga Magda; Marek Bozykowski; Agnieszka Chlon-Dominczak; Mikolaj Jasinski – Studies in Higher Education, 2025
Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women's lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from Poland, a Central Eastern European country with high tertiary education enrolment and high female…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, STEM Education, STEM Careers, Females
Gash, Vanessa – Social Indicators Research, 2009
This paper examines the extent of and the mechanisms behind the penalty to motherhood in six European countries. Each country provides different levels of support for maternal employment allowing us to determine institutional effects on labour market outcome. While mothers tend to earn less than non-mothers, the penalty to motherhood is…
Descriptors: Mothers, Labor Market, Foreign Countries, Employed Women
Wilk, Janet – Illinois Teacher of Home Economics, 1988
Although women make immense contributions to the economy, their work is largely unacknowledged. International agencies are working toward redressing inequities that exist between work that women do and the remuneration they receive as well as the control they have. (JOW)
Descriptors: Employed Women, Foreign Countries, Salary Wage Differentials, Sex Fairness
Swartzman, Leora C.; And Others – Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 1992
Salaries and promotion patterns in the social sciences faculty at a large Canadian university were examined for evidence of gender discrimination. No patterns of discrimination in promotion were found, and women were not more underrepresented in higher-salaried departments. Male and female faculty similar on salary-relevant variables were found to…
Descriptors: Academic Rank (Professional), Case Studies, Departments, Employed Women

Hill, M. Anne – Journal of Human Resources, 1989
Looks at the simultaneous labor force participation and hours of work decisions for Japanese wives, both employees and family workers. Although the estimated aggregate wage and income fluctuations for employees are somewhat higher than previous estimates for the United States, they are of the same order of magnitude. (JOW)
Descriptors: Employed Women, Foreign Countries, Labor Supply, Salary Wage Differentials

Ermisch, John F.; Wright, Robert E. – Journal of Human Resources, 1993
Analysis of British married women's employment decisions indicates that differences in wage offers between full- and part-time employment are important determinants of working full-time. Women who work despite low earning power, husbands' high income, or discouraging family circumstances tend to work part-time. (SK)
Descriptors: Employed Women, Foreign Countries, Labor Economics, Part Time Employment

Melkas, Helina; Anker, Richard – International Labour Review, 1997
Analysis of data from 200 occupations 1970-90 shows that one-third of all workers in Finland, Norway, and Sweden would have to change occupations to eliminate gender segregation. Despite Nordic nations' commitment to equality, women often work in female-dominated or part-time occupations and typically earn less. (SK)
Descriptors: Employed Women, Foreign Countries, Labor Market, Occupational Segregation

Wooden, Mark – Australian Bulletin of Labour, 1997
Examination of the widening gender earnings gap in Australia indicates that women's wages continue to lag behind those of men. The main factor appears to be women's concentration in part-time work in enterprises where bargaining is less likely to occur. (JOW)
Descriptors: Collective Bargaining, Employed Women, Foreign Countries, Part Time Employment

Paukert, Liba – International Labour Review, 1991
Analyzes the situation of women workers in Czechoslovakia in terms of working conditions, difference in earnings compared to men, and attitudes toward work. Future developments, including massive unemployment of women, are outlined. (SK)
Descriptors: Economic Change, Employed Women, Employment Patterns, Females
National Committee on Pay Equity, Washington, DC. – 1988
This document comprises a report on international progress to close the "wage gap", the differential between the earnings of women and men. Information was gathered on pay equity activities from a survey of government agencies, trade unions, women's organizations, and international bodies. Almost all of the jurisdictions surveyed have…
Descriptors: Comparable Worth, Employed Women, Foreign Countries, International Studies
Paukert, Liba – 1984
This report examines the major trends in women's employment and unemployment over the past two decades in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries. Employment and unemployment trends in the labor force by sex are first considered. The report next examines the growth of the female labor supply and the trends in the…
Descriptors: Employed Women, Employment, Employment Patterns, Females

Lambert, Sue; And Others – Australian Bulletin of Labour, 1996
Examination of Australian indices of full- and part-time employment indicates that occupational segregation of women without children, on average younger than women with children, is significantly and persistently higher than for other women. There is slightly less segregation in part-time than in full-time employment, especially for women without…
Descriptors: Employed Women, Equal Opportunities (Jobs), Foreign Countries, Mothers

Shorten, Brett; Lewis, Donald E. – Australian Bulletin of Labour, 1991
Data from a sample of 5,837 Australians showed that (1) women had longer career interruptions; (2) regardless of number of interruptions, men had higher wages; (3) longer interruptions had a negative effect on reentry wages; and (4) 1985-88 growth in wages for males was enhanced by increased numbers and length of interruptions, with the opposite…
Descriptors: Economic Factors, Employed Women, Employment Level, Foreign Countries

Kuh, Diana; Head, Fenny; Hardy, Rebecca; Wadsworth, Michael – British Journal of Sociology of Education, 1997
Observes that research on the influence of education on adult earnings hasn't focused on differences between women. Looks at British women born immediately after World War Two. Shows that women who were able to take advantage of expanded educational opportunities and achieve high educational qualifications earned significantly more than less…
Descriptors: Adults, Educational Attainment, Educational Status Comparison, Employed Women
Brown, Daniel J. – Interchange on Educational Policy, 1981
The problem of the representation of women in positions of educational leadership in Canada is discussed. Research shows that women are found to occupy only 17 percent of leadership positions when in fact they make up 54 percent of the profession as a whole. The issue of the relative abilities of women versus men in administrative performance is…
Descriptors: Administrator Qualifications, Administrator Role, Employed Women, Foreign Countries