Sweden's first Elementary School Act of 1842 stated that every parish was obliged to organise and fund schools to be offered to all children in the parish. Many parishes were poor and had a difficult time funding schools. In some parishes, local industries, such as ironworks, organised, funded, and managed schools for their workers. Even though…

This article argues that crucial elements of the three most important theoretical models of twentieth-century education can be traced back to three Protestant denominations that were developed in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. First, rather than to look in depth at the Protestant Reformers' own educational ideas, the paper…

This study aims to interpret the organizational structure, the determination of the students, the curriculums and the content of all by associating them with the educational conditions of today's gifted students and taking the general approaches into consideration. The Enderun school in the Ottoman period is the first systematic approach when…

The political and social rationale for the establishment of a national system of education in nineteenth-century Ireland has been the focus of considerable attention by scholars. Less attention has, however, been paid to teacher quality and school effectiveness within that system. Various efforts were made over the course of the century to address…

The article addresses the relationship between changes in the higher education landscape concerning its structure and governance, and the organization of student interest representation at the institutional and national level. Based on a historical analysis of the development of higher education in Norway, the article identifies close links…

In large continental landmasses such as Australia, forms of education, including correspondence schooling, emerged in the early twentieth century that allowed children in remote regions to access education. To make such schooling possible, other "technologies" of state provision were mobilised such as the postal system, rail network, and…

This article identifies Alec Clegg as the leading figure behind the English middle-school movement from the late 1960s. It is argued that the rise of middle schools was sustained by Clegg's astute understanding, which he transmitted to other local education authorities, that the political imperative of comprehensive reorganisation need not…

This article analyses reforms addressing and affecting the curriculum and organisation of Swedish upper secondary education over 40 years, up to an initiative by the present non-socialist government. The aim is to analyse the current reform of upper secondary education and relate it to previous reforms during a 40-year period in terms of…

The Maltese islands consist of Malta, Gozo, and Comino and two tiny uninhabited islands, strategically located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. This handbook contains a brief description of secondary education in Malta. Following the introduction, section 1 provides an overview of the mission of the Ministry of Education and Human…

Cultural and national history have profoundly modeled Greek society and continue to play a vital role in Greek policy and in cultural and social life. This handbook provides a brief overview of secondary education in Greece. The first part describes the country's societal, historical, and political background; educational history and current…

After describing Korea's political and educational history from 1592 to present, the author concludes that the social and educational experiment of Yushin--a movement meant to provide better living conditions for the common people and to yield unity among Korean people--is worthy of our attention in the United States. (KC)

This monograph describes the system of higher education in the United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The preface points out that despite perestroika, two features of Soviet education persist, a high degree of unity and centralization and a close link between higher education and employers. Chapter 1, "Historical Overview," begins…

The six chapters of this publication describe primary education in Bangladesh. Chapter 1 traces the development of primary education through British, Pakistani, and post-independence periods. Chapter 2 briefly reviews constitutional and legal mandates for primary education in Bangladesh. Chapter 3 describes the general organization and…

The present upper secondary school system in Japan accommodates 94 percent of the corresponding age group population. This discussion of the new upper secondary schools of Japan begins with a brief survey of the history of the Japanese public education system from its inauguration in 1872 up to 1945. The next section describes the inauguration and…

Presents information gained while working with English language teachers in Russia in the fall of 1999. Describes the school system within Russia as well as information on the structure of schools in Russia. Explores characteristics of Russian schools and the challenges to Russian education. (CMK)