Bulgaria's environmental movement played a role in ending communist rule, but environmental issues were not completely resolved. Social movements may never achieve their objectives in totality but instead enter a new cycle of the movement. (SK)

The author discusses "academic" and "revolutionary" models of education as perceived in the People's Republic of China and illustrates the shift in official approval from the first to the second, with actual practice being a mix of the two. (MJB)

Written from a Polish immigrant's viewpoint, this article focuses on the moral and spiritual aspects of the political upheaval beginning in Poland in 1980 and culminating in the toppling of East European totalitarian regimes. Poland will eventually achieve a strong free-market economy and democracy, aided by school reform and teacher reeducation.…

Preoccupied with political and economic problems, new governments in Eastern Europe place a low priority on adult education. However, without education in new ways of thinking about citizenship, the promise of the democratic revolutions will not be fulfilled. (SK)

This paper explores the concept of post-Communist identity, particularly in the countries that make up what was formerly referred to as the Eastern Bloc. It examines previous work in the field about the development of minority identity through language and provides a historical background about Eastern Europe and Hungary. It describes some of the…

Interviews with 485 local officials in Poland showed that both elected and appointed officials strongly preferred principled reasoning for ethical decision making. Gender and attitude toward the change from Communism made a difference in preferred modes of ethical reasoning. (SK)

This review of China's liberation struggle, 1920-40, examines political education in the Chinese Communist army, the educational process during land reform, and the participatory process of learning in social action exemplified by the history of this period. (SK)

Based on primary sources published in the Soviet Bloc, this article compares the stated goals of Marxist guidance with actual outcomes, and identifies the foundations of guidance in the Soviet Bloc in terms of Marxist philosophy and social doctrine. Current symptoms of ideological unrest in socialist society as exemplified by the suppressed reform…

Divided into seven sections, the presentations contained in these proceedings give an international perspective on the growth of democracy in the world, and the many obstacles that might inhibit it. The first section, on Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union contains papers from four East Block scholars who discuss the rise of democracy in communist…

While the concept of "objective" reporting in the United States has been under attack from critics who demanded more interpretation from the press, a move in the opposite direction seems to be taking place in the Soviet Union, as the concept of journalist as strictly an advocate for the Communist party seems to be giving way to the…

The early 1970s approach to curriculum reform in Hungary under Communism resulted in textbook uniformity (i.e., censorship). Since the mid-1980s, the drive toward a national core curriculum is being opposed by those who are against compulsory subjects, those who want an examination system, and those who want a more conservative approach. (SK)

Despite the Soviet emphasis on character education, communist "vospitanie" had little lasting influence once political enforcement was removed. Between 1988-92, the juvenile crime rate rose 50 percent. American educators should be cautious about promoting lists of virtues that serve a political agenda or are justified primarily on…

Through three real-life examples in and involving Hong Kong during the period from June 1987 to November 1988, this paper analyzes the impact of competition and availability of alternative news sources on the conduct and performance of the communist press in the pluralistic society of British colonial Hong Kong--a media-rich metropolis over which…

Analyzes Cuba's journalism education programs, noting that they may be impeded by Communist ideological constraints. (RL)

Evaluates the extent to which political self-interest motivates Chinese scholars who oppose the work of the Chinese Communist Party's Committee for Writing Reform. Concludes that those opposed to writing reform are wrongfully using the issue to incite intellectuals to oppose the Communist Party and the Chinese government. (Author/DB)