Many researchers trained in Europe leave to work abroad, namely in the USA. This brain-drain phenomenon is the result of a lack of openness and competition in European academic systems. Some aspects relating to the mobility of academic careers could make a difference in attracting--and maintaining--researchers, aside to serious structural reform.…

This paper, based on extensive empirical work with Polish and Bulgarian scientists in Germany and the UK, examines the impact of the EU enlargement including the free movement of persons provisions on the mobility of scientists from Eastern to Western Europe. It focuses on early career researchers and particularly PhD candidates and begins by…

Spain has begun a serious effort to increase its scientific and technological research efforts and to develop a large body of qualified researchers to participate in areas of science important to the European Economic Community. (MSE)

Although the Swedish college faculty member's role has historically combined both teaching and research, the greater emphasis has been on research. It will continue to be important to maintain a balance between the two functions. (MSE)

The history of university faculty in Spain and the changes brought about by the University Reform Act of 1983 are discussed, including the faculty status as civil servants, faculty hiring, provisions for research opportunities, age distribution, women faculty, and faculty development opportunities. (MSE)

Recent UNESCO recommendations concerning the adoption of norms for the comparability and recognition of studies, diplomas, and degrees in higher education to promote mobility of teachers, scholars, students, and other specialists among the member states are outlined. Details on ratification, reporting, information dissemination, evaluation, and…

The changes occurring in the Italian university system during a recent period of disorganized growth, and the need for planning, especially for enrollment, to accommodate future changes are discussed. (MSE)

Bulgaria's participation in international educational exchange is examined in terms of foreign enrollments in Bulgaria, Bulgarian students' study abroad, short- and long-term international exchanges for students, faculty, and researchers, cooperation in Bulgarian area studies, and cooperation with governmental and nongovernmental international…

The principal changes being undertaken in Soviet higher education as part of the general restructuring of Soviet society are outlined, including improving the training of higher education specialists, enhancing the role of research, improving staff utilization, increasing salaries of higher education personnel, and enhancing student living…