This research seeks to describe the continuing predicament of R&D funding in the U.S. and to provide support for a return to higher R&D spending as a proportion of GDP to maintain American leadership in innovation. Historically, government investment has funded most foundational scientific research leading to technological advances in…

The demise of Soviet genetics in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s has stood for many as a prime example of the damage that social and political dogmatism can do when allowed to meddle in the workings of science. In particular, the story of Trofim Lysenko's rise to preeminence and the fall of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union has become a lasting…

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

Universities in the USSR fulfill the role of leading educational, scientific, and cultural centers. Their main function is training researchers and teachers and conducting scientific research. They also offer courses enabling adults to enrich their knowledge of various fields of culture. (SK)

A National Academy panel evaluates trade-offs between dangers to national security that arise from technology transfers and threats to the openness of scientific communication that are caused by too much secrecy. Major conclusions/suggestions are discussed. A list of acquisitions from the West affecting Soviet military technology is included.…

More effective use of scientific potential will increase productivity of scientists' labor and improve the quality of their products. Therefore, ties between science and practice must be strengthened, research problems must be determined, and scholarly research must be planned. (Author/AV)

The author describes the importance of coordination and information management in distributing scientific research work in the appropriate portions among scientific institutions, higher education institutions, and other institutions which conduct research in the pedagogical sciences. (Author)

The development of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in policy-making and organization for the technological sciences is examined with regard to the organization of Soviet scientific research. Its rise and impact are discussed. (LBH)

Discussed are admissions and scientific research activity in higher education in the USSR. (RM)

Compares funding of scientific research and education in the Soviet Union by government agencies and independent research departments. Suggests that funding for scientific research should be coordinated by government ministries in charge of educating science specialists. (Author/DB)

Examines the gap between American and Soviet science, tracing the gap to overcentralization, an aversion to risk, and emphasis on theory at the expense of application. Indicates that Soviet leaders are aware of some of the problems but that barriers to reform remain strong and prospects for real change are limited. (JN)

The investigation and use of machine translation as an adjunct to human translation at the Soviet Union's All-Union Translation Center, a centralized scientific and technical translation facility, is examined. The issues of error correction, the variety of translation types needed, and special lexical considerations are discussed. (MSE)

Three methods for improving scientific-pedagogical research are suggested: (1) increase the role of theoretical inquiry in the study of pedagogical phenomena, (2) unite the analysis of theoretical ideas with the study of typical features of pedagogical practice, and (3) evaluate critically the conclusions and recommendations of research.…

Forecasting of scientific research in higher education in the Soviet Union should be coordinated with forecast figures for the rest of the economy. Recommends additional research related to different types of higher education institutions and interrelationships between research done by higher institutions and government agencies. (Author/DB)

The author reviews clinical, neurophysiological, psychological, pedagogical, special and technical research underway in the field of special education for handicapped children. (Author/AV)