At two higher education institutions in Kurdistan (Iraq), English as foreign language (EFL) programs aim to provide adult learners with language skills development that they need to excel in their majors and as professionals. A framework called the Community of Inquiry (COI), based on interactionist and constructivist-learning theories was used to…

Paulo Freire is undeniably a prominent figure who greatly influenced 21st century higher education. More specifically, architectural education been greatly affected by Freire's thinking in relation to producing a design project with dialogue and consciousness. This study aims to implement Freire's thoughts in contemporary design studios, where the…

The campus of Salahadin University--peaceful, bustling, and collegial-- is a rare sight in Iraq, where sectarian violence has brought the higher education system to the verge of collapse. Home to the country's historically repressed four million to five million ethnic Kurds, it is an oasis of stability and tranquility while much of the rest of…