Randomized experiments involving education interventions are typically implemented as cluster randomized trials, with schools serving as clusters. To design such a study, it is critical to understand the degree to which learning outcomes vary between versus within clusters (schools), specifically the intraclass correlation coefficient. It is also…

During the course of the last century, a number of historical instances of unethical human research have occurred, and risen to the forefront of the social imagination. The atrocities of the European and Pacific Holocausts, the tragic 1932-1972 United States Public Health Service Syphilis Studies at Tuskegee, concomitant with the 1946-48 unethical…

This year the world commemorates the beginning of the tragic USPHS syphilis experiments that occurred in Tuskegee, Alabama from 1932 to 1972. In light of this sobering anniversary, this article will briefly examine four studies: the already mentioned USPHS syphilis studies in Tuskegee, the Nazi Holocaust Experiments and the resulting Doctors'…