The impact of Pestalozzian methods on art and music education in the 19th century is examined. In both disciplines these methods departed from traditional rote methods through the use of exercises to measure space (drawing) and time (vocal music). Each developed differently because of social forces affecting their educational roles. (Author/IS)

Since the Industrial Revolution, a separation has occurred between art education, taught in the academies of Europe, and applied art education, taught in common schools. The academies based their teaching on limitation; the common schools based theirs on geometric drawing. Ideological and social factors are examined to explain this occurrence.…