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Direct linkBack, Michele; Zavala, Virginia; Franco, Raiza – CALICO Journal, 2022
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected K-12 education worldwide, Peru has faced particularly unique challenges. A combination of quarantine requirements and unequal access to remote learning technology led to the creation of a series of multimodal programs by Peru's Ministry of Education under the umbrella title Aprendo en Casa [I…
Descriptors: Pandemics, COVID-19, Distance Education, Foreign Countries
Back, Michele – Modern Language Journal, 2013
Researchers in second language socialization (SLS) often examine those interactions relating to a learner's integration within a target community. Kramsch and Whiteside (2008) noted the importance of "symbolic competence" in this integration. Symbolic competence, defined as the ability to access contextually relevant social and political…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Socialization, American Indian Languages, Cultural Awareness
